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The casualties of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), direct and indirect, break down as follows: Note that the following deaths listed include both killed in action as well as deaths from other causes. Deaths from disease can include those from wounds; of starvation; from exposure. Others include drowning; from friendly fire; as a result of atrocities; etc. It is important to note that medical treatments were changed drastically at this time. 'Napoleons Surgeon', Baron Dominique Jean Larrey, became known for using horse-drawn carts as ambulances to quickly remove the wounded from the field of battle. This method became so successful that he was subsequently asked to organize the medical care for the 14 armies of the French Republic. ==French Empire== * 371,000 killed in action〔 cites 〕 * 800,000 killed by wounds, accidents or disease, primarily in the disastrous invasion of Russia * 600,000 civilians * 65,000 French allies (mainly Poles fighting for independence lost in 1795) * 1,800,000 French and allies (mostly Germans and Poles) dead in action, disease and missing〔 * 1,700,000 Frenchmen from "pre-1792 borders" The effect of the war on France over this time period was considerable. According to David Gates, the Napoleonic Wars cost France at least 916,000 men. This represents 38% of the conscription class of 1790–1795. This rate is over 14% higher than the losses suffered by the same generation one hundred years later fighting Imperial Germany.〔Gates, David. ''The Napoleonic Wars 1803–1815''. New York: St. Martin's Press Inc., 272.〕 The French population suffered long-term effects through a low male-to-female population ratio. At the beginning of the Revolution, the numbers of males to females was virtually identical. By the end of the conflict only 0.857 males remained for every female.〔Blanning, Tim. ''The Pursuit of Glory: The Five Revolutions that Made Modern Europe''. New York: Penguin Group Copyright 2007. 672.〕 Combined with new agrarian laws under the Napoleonic Empire that required landowners to divide their lands to all their sons rather than the first born, France's population never recovered. By the time of the First World War France had lost its demographic superiority over Germany and Austria and even Great Britain. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Napoleonic Wars casualties」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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